Analog vs Digital Communication System

Feature Analog Communication Digital Communication Signal Type Continuous-time (sine wave, etc.) Discrete-time (binary 0s and 1s) Noise Immunity Low (prone to distortion) High (noise can be detected/corrected) Bandwidth Requirement Usually, lower Usually, higher Transmission Quality Degrades with distance Maintains quality with regeneration Security Less secure More secure (encryption possible) Cost Cheaper hardware Costlier due to encoding/processing Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time/Frequency/Code Division Multiplexing Applications Analog radio, landline telephony Internet, mobile phones, satellite links Signal Processing Harder to analyze and process Easier (digital circuits, software tools)

Linear Block Code in Error Detection and Correction

Design a code word of a C(8, 4) block code with any suitable generation matrix.

Searching Problem in AI

Q. A farmer has a wolf, a goat and a cabbage on the west side of a river. He wants to get all of his animals and cabbage across the river onto the east side. The farmer has a row boat but he only has enough room for himself and one other thing. The wolf will eat the goat if they are left together alone. The goat will eat the cabbage if they are left together alone. How can the farmer get everything on the east side? Draw the search tree and show the final solution.

Solution:

Farmer, Wolf, Goat, Cabbage = (f,w,g,c)

West side, East side = (W,E)

Initially, all are on the West side.

                                         (W, W, W, W)

Then,

Line Spectrum of Signal

Q. Plot the line spectrums of x(t) =12 + 6sin (140πt +30°) - 9cos(80πt-70°).

Solution:

Let’s Analyze and Plot the Line Spectrum of

x(t) = 12 + 6sin(140πt+30⁰) − 9cos(80πt−70⁰)

Step 1: Convert all terms to cosine form

Use the identity: sin(θ) = cos(θ−90⁰)

So,

6sin(140πt+30⁰) = 6cos(140πt−60⁰)

−9cos(80πt−70⁰) = 9cos(80πt+110⁰)

Thus, x(t) = 12 + 6cos(140πt−60⁰) + 9cos(80πt+110⁰)

Step 2: Frequencies, Amplitudes, Phases

Term	Frequency (Hz)	Amplitude	Phase
12 (DC)	0	12	0°
6cos(140πt−600)	f=70	6	-60°
9cos(80πt+1100)	f=40	9	+110°

 We split each cosine into two spectral lines at ±f with half the amplitude.

Stack Implementation using Array

// Static Implementation of Stack

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define N 5

int stack[5];

int top = -1;

void push(){

int x;

printf("Enter data: ");

scanf("%d",&x);

if(top==N-1)

printf("Overflow\n");

else{

top++;

stack[top]=x;

}

}