Standard AM, FM and PM Equations

Standard Mathematical Equations for AM, FM and PM

1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

• : Carrier amplitude, : Carrier frequency
• :  Message signal amplitude, : Message signal frequency
• : Modulation index
• : Carrier Power, : Sideband Power, : Total Power
• : Efficiency
• : Bandwidth of the AM signal

2. Frequency Modulation (FM)

• : Modulation index
• : Peak frequency deviation
•  (Carson’s Rule)

3. Phase Modulation (PM)

• : Phase sensitivity (radians per volt)
• : Modulation Index
• B: Similar to FM using Carson’s Rule